Operators of ocean-going vessels that are mainly powered by heavy fuel oil face several challenges:

• Precise measurement of emissions under demanding operating conditions: Sea-going vessels contribute significantly to air pollution, in particular by sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), black carbon and particulate matter. Due to the higher content of sulphur and other pollutants in heavy fuel oil compared to land fuels, ships are subject to strict environmental protection requirements. These emissions must be closely monitored and measured in order to comply with the international standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) under the MARPOL Convention. Measuring pollutants such as NOx, SO2 and particulate matter is crucial to ensure that emission limits are not exceeded and that ship operations are as environmentally friendly as possible.

• Compliance with international environmental regulations: To meet international regulations, ship owners and operators must ensure that their emissions are accurately recorded and analysed. The challenge lies in achieving accurate measurements amid the harsh, variable conditions at sea, where accuracy cannot be compromised. Continuous, reliable monitoring is critical, enabling operators to detect any deviations from set limits promptly and make timely adjustments as needed.